How are they useful? (PROTEINS)

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How are they useful? (PROTEINS)

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Protein is one of the three macronutrients. Whilst the other two macronutrients, carbohydrates and lipids, both have very important functions in the body, protein has a much wider range of biological functions. It is composed of amino acids, all of which can either be synthesized or sourced from food

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These roles include:

Structure: skin, hair, nails and bones are all composed of collagen and keratin, two very important proteins.

Catalysis: enzymes, a type of protein, are essential for survival. Their main role is to speed up reactions, a task which they are very good at (they can increase the rate of a reaction anywhere from 10^9 to 10^20 times).

Movement: simply put, muscle fibres are composed of structures called myofibrils which are then composed of thick and thin myofilaments. Actin, a protein, makes up most of the thin filaments and myosin, also a protein, makes most of the thick myofilaments.

Transport: A couple of examples of this function include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the tissues from the lungs, and membrane transport proteins which actively carry substances across the phospholipid bilayer.

Hormones: Hormones such as insulin, erythropoietin and human growth hormone are all examples of protein-based hormones.

Protection: Some substances which are involved in specific immunity are composed of proteins. An example of this is antibodies which are designed to counteract foreign, and therefore potentially harmful, substances. Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood-clotting making it extremely crucial in blood conservation.

Storage: Whilst not the most apparent use of protein in the body, this is nonetheless a pretty important one. Ferritin is used to store iron in the liver and casein can store nutrients in mother’s milk.

Regulation: Proteins are involved in gene regulation and expression and can regulate what proteins are manufactured in the cell.